Friday, 23 April 2010

Cochabamba: Conference on Climate Change & Rights of Mother Earth

Conferencia Mundial de los Pueblos sobre el Cambio Climático y los Derechos de la Madre Tierra, en Cochabamba, Bolivia: 15,200 delegates registered, 8.000 from outside Bolivia. Photo: IEN

Oneclimate.net offers live webcasts of the main plenaries, with all of the sessions being recorded and archived. Also daily video reports, blogs and notes on the discussion of the 17 working groups.


See also
Climate Justice Now! website
Council of Canadians: click on "blogs" in righthand column
Global Justice Ecology Project's Climate Connections blog
UK Turbulence mag blog
Australian blog Beyond Zero Emissions
Climate Camp UK blogs and videos
A leftist perspective in Climate Justice and Capitalism
You can subscribe to an RSS feed at World People’s Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth.

News items: http://delicious.com/dr.woooo/pwccc and follow-up to Copenhagen

Tuesday, 20 April 2010

Eco-farming in Bolivia

This interview by Franz Chávez first appeared in Inter Press Service and Foodforethought.
Bolivian altiplano: photo courtesy Destination 360
LA PAZ, Apr 3 , 2010 (IPS) - The gradual loss of traditional farming practices that preserve the land has pushed into extreme poverty small farmers in Bolivia who 20 years ago were producing surplus produce to sell at market and now are barely able to feed themselves.

This was the conclusion reached by agricultural engineer Wilfredo Quiroz, who is working on follow-up and evaluation in the Management of Natural Resources in the Chaco and High Valley Regions Project (PROMARENA), a Ministry for Development Planning programme that receives support from the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).

The project, which operates with a 14.9 million dollar fund, including 12 million from IFAD and 1.1 million from the national treasury, is aimed at reducing poverty and boosting food security in rural areas.
In an interview with IPS, Quiroz discusses the work undertaken in the Chaco, a sparsely populated flat area of scrubland and thorny trees in the southeastern corner of Bolivia; the Valles Altos (High Valleys); and semi-tropical areas in the departments (provinces) of La Paz in the west and Chuquisaca and Tarija in the southeast, where support is provided to 247,000 peasant farmers in areas considered poor and extremely poor.

When impoverished areas in the departments of Santa Cruz in the east and the central Cochabamba are incorporated into the project, the total number of municipalities benefiting will increase from 26 to 56, and the number of communities to 900.

Q: What is the difference between the work of PROMARENA and that of other programmes that assist poor farmers?

A: We respect the decisions of local residents, who draw up 'maps' that describe the productive activities they carried out 20 years ago, as well as the present and the future as they see it.

In the past, they say, they had more food - enough to feed themselves, and to sell and store food. Although they lacked education and health care, they had enough food.

For the future, they imagine having sheds and barns for raising pigs, with troughs, corrals, sources of water and irrigation systems.

Q: What is their economic situation, compared to the past?

A: Instead of seeing things improve, they have been further impoverished, and their food production capacity is not what it was 30 years ago.

In past decades, they had water in abundance. But now they talk about water sources that have dried up as a result of deforestation in highlands areas where they used to take care of the land and vegetation was preserved and kept safe from livestock.

The need to expand grazing areas to the spots where water sources are located, the degradation of soil, landslides and climate change ended up damaging that source of life.

Q: And how have the lives of local families changed?

A: The damage to the environment has hurt the productive activities of families and reduced the quantity of food produced, and in the poorest regions only older adults and children are left, because young people have left the villages and gone to the cities.

Ten years ago, according to figures from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), the families produced 80 percent of their food. But now they only produce 60 percent of what they need.

Q: Can you provide an example of old traditions that used to preserve natural conditions in farming areas?

A: In Charazani, a remote Andean village 272 km northwest of La Paz, the local community used to protect a mountain covered with grasslands. The straw was harvested at a certain time of year solely to thatch the local huts.
Charazani: photo Wikipedia
But shepherds stopped respecting that custom and began to use the area for grazing, which exhausted the grasslands, affected the water sources, and forced local residents to start buying corrugated sheet metal to roof their houses.

Another practice that has been lost is the custom of leaving a portion of land to lie fallow for eight years, to allow it to recover its fertility so it can be farmed again.

Q: And what effect does the poor road network have in impoverished rural areas?

A: Unlike in the hot plains of the department of Santa Cruz, where the roads are drivable, in the Andean highlands, communities are widely spread out and some are not even connected to roads.

Farmers have to carry their produce on their shoulders on walks of up to 10 hours, and although their production costs may be low, the distance and lack of roads drives up the final price, pricing them out of the big markets.

Q: Is there a formula for confronting their isolation and the lack of effective state policies for addressing the problems facing peasant families?

A: There are no macro-level policies for improving the living conditions of small farmers. The actions that have been undertaken are isolated and are focused on medium-scale farmers, and only in some cases do they involve subsidies to support low-income peasant farmers.

PROMARENA allows the beneficiaries to choose between projects involving soil conservation, livestock-raising, and the care of vegetation and water sources, with the idea of preserving natural resources and generating business opportunities.

The support includes technical advice for developing the projects. Later, the communities are invited to present their projects and products in a contest that grants a cash prize that is symbolic, because the overall value of the project is huge.

For example, a project in which a large number of families took part in restoring pre-colonial farming terraces and recuperating productive areas won a prize, as well as recognition from their local communities and municipal governments.

In PROMARENA, people learn from the experience of local residents and that know-how is then extended. The freedom enjoyed by the beneficiaries makes this project different from traditional technology transfer models.

Thursday, 15 April 2010

Climate accountability in Canada?

Government benches in the H of C before the recent scandals
Yesterday the Liberals and Bloc supported the NDP-sponsored Bill C-311, the Climate Change Accountability Act. Conservatives voted against. Final tally was 141-128. The bill calls on the government to cut greenhouse emissions 25% below 1990 levels (the Kyoto base year) by 2020, and 80% below 1990 levels by 2050, in line with targets set by most science-based groups. See my comparative table of Copenhagen proposals. The US and Canadian governments have been playing 'spin' games by changing the base year, so that their miserable performances appear better than they are.

More Tory game-playing: Canwest news 5 May 2010 reports that the bill "requires the government to deliver a plan to meet its Kyoto target and report back on its progress" but "Environment Canada has been filing the required reports, without meeting the targets."

See details of the Bill in Wikipedia and the Kyoto Plus youth action site Climate Day. Youth have been very active in this campaign. This 2nd reading victory sends the legislation to committee hearings in the House of Commons Standing Committee on Environment, which may have some educational effect on the public. If the bill became law, it would require the Environment Minister to submit a plan to meet the targets within the 3 months following, to the House-appointed Sustainability Commissioner.

Real action? Don't hold your breath. It will not be the first time the Tory minority government has simply ignored a majority vote. And don't expect anything but lip service from the Grits. This Bill failed to pass before the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, because during a crucial October 2009 vote, Michael Ignatieff and the majority of Liberals, who once supported Bill C-311, voted with the Conservatives to delay passage.
*****
See my Environmental Networks overview of science-based and other eco-groups. For a summary of international action since COP-15, see follow-up to Copenhagen Accord.

Wednesday, 7 April 2010

Le nourrissement de printemps - Journal d'une apicultrice -- par Noëlle De Roo Lemos

Grand bec scie femelle toute mignonne avec sa petite houppe rousse savamment décoiffée
Fin de semaine de Pâques, il fait beaucoup trop chaud (29°C à l'ombre). Si cela continue ainsi et que le gel se réinstalle, la floraison de printemps est compromise. Et qui dit floraison compromise dit miellée (récolte de nectar et de miel) menacée. Ce fut le cas l'an dernier, pour une bonne partie de la saison d'été d'ailleurs. Par contre, on va pouvoir ouvrir les ruches aujourd'hui et s'assurer que tout va bien (ne jamais le faire si la température est inférieure à 15°C). Vue du dehors, l'activité des ruches est excellente depuis plusieurs jours.

Mais quelles surprises nous réserve l'intérieur après tous ces mois d'hiver? Une à une, celles-ci doivent être soigneusement inspectées: la reine pond-elle de façon régulière et satisfaisante? y a t-il des réserves de pollen et de miel suffisantes pour faire face aux besoins en ce début de saison? des maladies se sont-elles installées? C'est que nous allons voir.
vieux cadre: courtoisie de beeanonymous
Nous profiterons également de ces manipulations pour enlever les vieux cadres dont la cire, presque noire, peut être une source de problèmes (entre autres de maladies). Nous les remplacerons par des cadres neufs.

Bon, tout s'est bien passé. Les abeilles sont en forme. Les informations recueillies sont soigneusement retranscrites dans un petit cahier et nous serviront pour la prochaine visite. Il ne nous reste plus, à présent, qu'à les nourrir.
Le nourrissement: photo Lemos
Or c'est la première fois, depuis nos débuts en apiculture, que nous prenons une telle décision. Étant donné un début de saison hors normes (chaleurs nettement prématurées) nous cherchons ainsi à nous assurer qu'elles tiendront jusqu''à ce que les fleurs fassent leur apparition. Nous préparons à cet effet un sirop qui consiste en un mélange sucre/eau, dans une proportion un tiers/deux tiers, que nous distribuons dans des flacons d'à peu près un litre. Cette opération pourra être répétée deux fois par semaine tant que le besoin se fera sentir. C'est ce qu'on appelle le "nourrissement" de printemps.

Voilà pour les abeilles. Et que se passe-t-il du côté de l'étang en contrebas? Et bien, il semble que des bernaches aient déjà fait leur nid. La femelle n'a pas encore pondu, mais les ébats auxquels nous assistons nous font croire que c'est pour bientôt. Les voilà qui pourchassent un couple de passage qui menace leur territoire. La femelle se joint au mâle dans ces tentatives, réussies d'ailleurs, d'intimidation.
Bec scie couronné mâle
On voit également des canards se promener par groupes de trois, une femelle pour deux mâles. Ce sont trois colverts et trois Harles couronnés (également Becs scie couronné ou Lophodyte cucullatus) qui ont récemment fait leur apparition. Un couple de Grands harles (Grand bec-scie ou Mergus merganser) a, pour sa part, déjà fait son choix parmi les nichoirs que Pedro a installés. La pariade bat son plein.

Et des coyotes hurlent la nuit avec une telle intensité (au point de nous réveiller) qu'on en déduit que le temps des amours a bien commencé de ce côté là également. La nature, dans son ensemble, semble s'être donné le mot pour se faire belle et intéressante.

Tuesday, 6 April 2010

Oil, war and food

food riot, Haiti: courtesy of groovygreen.The end of oil will cause food riots worldwide, according to the UK Ecologist. The oil industry's forecast for peak oil within 5-10 years, was covered up by industry and IEA under pressure from the US, while Bush and Cheney launched wars for oil in Iraq, Afghanistan, and other "wars on terror".

Alberta tarsands: photo by S.Jocz © Western Canada Wilderness Committee
Alberta's Parkland Institute shows the link between US military strategy and oil wars. Kairos says Canadian taxpayer subsidies to oilsands, mostly in tax breaks, cost $1.446b over six years to 2002 [and have since risen sharply under the Conservatives]. Tarsandswatch says tarsands development and the SPP (Security and Prosperity Initiative) are designed to prop up the declining US empire.

food riots, Mexico 2008: David Sheen
The G20's ballyhooed food security initiative is a front for pushing GMO seeds in the Third World: Monsanto, Syngenta, the Gates-Rockefeller AGRA (Alliance for Green Revolution in Africa ), BASF, Bayer, Syngenta, Dupont. See this article on AGRA by an American living in Ghana. He also comments on AFRICOM, the Pentagon's strategic military expansion into Africa.

food riot, Egypt 2008: © AP / Nasser Nasser
The conservative Financial Times shows a global food crisis has already hit Africa, Haiti, Tibet, Iran, Morocco, Mexico, Argentina, Indonesia, and Egypt, though absurdly it claims the problem will be solved by "markets" alone. During the 2008 crisis, nations turned to land grabs and food hoarding. Third world agriculture is already suffering from double-digit fuel and fertilizer price hikes. In India, food prices are rising 16% annually.

The oil crisis will come in the next 6 years, say market fundamentalists of the Deutsche Bank, whose Oct 09 study predicts "peak oil" will be triggered by price, not supply: "we expect demand to break decisively" when oil prices rise to US$150/bbl, gas US$4/gal, "the tipping point that will destroy gasoline demand and mark the end of the age of oil." OPEC spare capacity is a myth. They predict a huge destabilizing oil shock (like 1972, 1980, 2008) between 2010-2016, followed by a major shift to natgas, electric cars and e-bikes and a permanent oil price collapse.

They say Canadian tarsands, Brazil's Guara offshore field, oil shales will be among the (currently overpriced) losers. Agricultural production (dependent on fuel and fertilizer), heavy trucking and aviation will be hard hit. Oilco owners will engage in an orgy of profit-taking and invest in other industries.
Secret CIA-Pentagon predictions of peak oil, they imply, were the strategic motive for US oil wars on Islamic countries: in their terms 71% of proven world oil reserves are "Muslim" (incl Nigeria), 20% "socialist" (Russia and Venezuela). See diagram.

They also say that US gasoline consumers are undertaxed. Just to cover the cost of the Iraq war, gasoline prices should be some 54 cents per gallon higher (p.10). Nor do US gas prices reflect the increased risk of drilling and refining in a hurricane zone, the Gulf of Mexico. (p.25).

In short term policy, fuel efficiency is an obvious choice; decades of US government laxity on CAFE fuel efficiency standards helped create the present crisis [implicitly, politicians caved in to the auto and oil lobbies] (p.31). Forsaking gas hogs, Japan and Germany have been able to thrive on $8 gas (p.28 ). In the long term, hybrids and electric cars will end the oil age. China and the US are both moving fast in this direction.

Finally, they expect climate action limiting CO2 to fail -- resisted by the habits of US consumers, rising demand in China, producers in Mid-East and Russia. By 2022 the falling demand for oil will reduce C02 [but too late to avoid catastrophic climate change] (p.57-58).
*****
For peaceful alternatives to these scenarios, see Matt Savinar's Life After the Oil Crash, TransitionUS.org (formerly Relocalize.net), Canada's Foodforethought.net, "Food crisis -- the facts" in New Internationalist Dec 2008, Food First founded by Francis Moore Lappé, and Via Campesina.

Saturday, 3 April 2010

Pasqueflower resurrection

Prairie crocus and the Peace River: photo by Nick, Fort St. John BC, courtesy of UBC Botanical Garden
First to appear, the prairie crocus (anemone patens) can grow through ice. To those of us who have lived amid the harsh weather of the Great Plains, it is a sign of hope and rebirth. That is probably how it earned the name Pasqueflower, one of many Easter blooms that symbolize resurrection.

Doug Collicutt writes in Nature North: It always warms my heart to stroll along the trails amid last year’s brown grasses and glimpse the mauve petals and bright yellow centers of prairie crocuses staring up at me. After months of cold and snow, they truly are the harbingers of spring. It’s no wonder that the first peoples and then the pioneers had such affection for this plant. The petals act like a parabolic reflector concentrating the sun’s rays at the flower center. The thick coat of tiny hairs covering the flower help to hold in this warmth. The center of a crocus flower, containing the reproductive parts, can be 10°C above the surrounding air temperatures. There are advantages to flowering early in spring, but there is a down-side, too. The crocus gains the full attention of available pollinators, and its seeds ripen so early that they can be dispersed and start to grow right away. Of course, the main drawback is the potential to get caught by a severe frost [which] can damage them and eliminate seed production for that year... please don’t dig them up from the wild. They have deep root systems and don’t transplant well, and anywhere they still grow must be good native prairie which should always be left alone.

The Lakota have a prairie crocus song (probably the "prairie smoke", aka "old man's whiskers", geum triflorum):
Hoksj-Cekpa Wahca (baby's navel plant)
Firstborn, I sing hope to children of other flower nations now appearing.
When they wake up and rise from Mother Earth, I stand here old and greyhaired
.
Prairie Smoke: photo courtesy Prairiemoon
See also: Wikipedia on Pasque flower; USDA on geum triflorum; more stories and photos in Nature North.

Friday, 2 April 2010

Mais où donc se cache le pollen? Journal d'une apicultrice -- par Noëlle De Roo Lemos

Mi-Mars. Le temps s'est considérablement radouci et la neige autour des ruches est presque entièrement disparue. Pedro et moi vaquons en toute tranquillité à divers travaux printaniers autour de la maison tandis que de nouveaux arrivants s'ébattent bruyamment, en contrebas, du côté de l'étang.

Ce sont des bernaches (Branta canadensis) qui viennent d'arriver de leurs quartiers d'hiver dans le Sud. Comme à chaque année, elles viennent nicher chez nous. En ce moment même, le mâle pourchasse à grands cris un groupe de congénères qui cherche à s'approprier le territoire tandis que la femelle assiste, tranquille en apparence. Manoeuvres d'intimidation, coups de bec et voilà les envahisseurs en déroute.
Harle huppé mâle
Un Harle huppé (aussi appelé Bec scie à poitrine rousse ou Mergus serrator) de même qu'un couple de colverts (malards ou Anas platyrhynchos) se sont également pointés. Mais ils n'ont fait qu’un tour et probablement reviendront-ils plus tard. Pour qui vit en pleine zone de nidification les surprises sont constantes.
Colvert
La nature, en plein éveil, fait fi des calendriers. Tout comme les abeilles qui célèbrent le printemps depuis une dizaine de jours déjà. Justement, il est grand temps d'aller leur rendre visite. Comme de raison elles rentrent et sortent des ruches dans un vrombissement perpétuel. Je ne puis m'empêcher d'aller regarder d'un peu plus près le plateau d'envol mais... se peut-il que, dans ce foisonnement étourdissant d'allées et de venues, elles soient déjà en train de rentrer du pollen? Malgré la température clémente, cela me paraît nettement prématuré.

On dit du pollen que c'est le steak des abeilles.Riche en protéines, il va servir à l'alimentation des larves qui en dépendent pour leur développement. Grâce à un appétit féroce elles deviendront, en près de trois semaines, de jeunes et vigoureuses abeilles. Le pollen consiste en des petits grains, collectés sur les étamines des certaines fleurs, que les butineuses emmagasinent dans des petits sacs, ou pelotes, situés sur leurs pattes postérieures. Alors, pas de doute, c'est bien du pollen qu'elles traînent avec elles à l'intérieur de la ruche.
Abeille transportant du pollen
Comme pour les oies, comme pour les canards, nous sommes incontestablement en avance cette année. Cela veut dire que les reines se préparent à pondre ou, même, qu'elles ont déjà commencé à le faire. Cela veut dire encore que la vie de ces courageuses et infatigables petites ouvrières qui butinent en ce moment afin d'assurer la relève va bientôt prendre fin. Elles auront traversé tout l'hiver et permis à leurs reines de rester bien au chaud, une existence exceptionnellement longue si l'on considère que la durée de vie d'une abeille, en temps normal, n’est que de cinq à six semaines. Leur temps achève. Une jeune génération s'apprête indubitablement à reprendre le flambeau.

Mais où donc se cache le pollen? Il faut absolument découvrir d'où provient cette manne. À deux, nous partons faire le tour des saules, l'une des premières sources dans notre coin, des noisetiers et des érables, autres sources généreuses. Le résultat est peu probant. Les aulnes, peut être? Mais non, malgré des bourgeons bien apparents, le pollen n'est pas au rendez-vous. Notre promenade se poursuit au delà des nos frontières et bientôt nous frappons à la porte de nos voisins. Tous, Fabienne, Georges ou Ghislaine partagent fraternellement notre interrogation. Ils sont cependant incapables de nous venir en aide. Où est le pollen? Probablement dans des recoins protégés au micro-climat plus avantageux. Nos abeilles, grâce à leurs ailes, peuvent facilement parcourir deux, trois kilomètres. Nos jambes, elles, n'en feront pas autant aujourd’hui. Nous décidons de rentrer, bredouilles peut-être, mais heureux.
*****
Vidéos: la migration des bernaches nonnettes, de Dieppe vers le Groenland, tirée du film de Jacques Perrin Le peuple migrateur / Winged Migration. Voir aussi la magnifique sequence du début, tourné d'une hélicoptère, du nouveau film/DVD de Sylvie van Brabant, Visionnaires planétaires, où les oies blanches passent le fleuve Saint-Laurent en migration vers l'arctique.